muz_8

=Youth Organisations & Young People=

Mussolinini introduced numerous educational policies during his term in power. He focused his efforts on youth organisations and schools.

- Balila and institution = Children from 14 to 18 - Avanguardisti = boys from 14 to 18
 * __For the Boys...__**

- Piccole Italiane = Children 14 to 18 - Giovani Italiene = girls 14 to 18
 * __For the Girls...__**

ONB = (Opera Nazionale Balila) HOW = The Opera performs its functions through the Balila and Avanguardisti institutions

= __General__ =

Aims

Mussolini’s dream was to have millions of aggressive, athletic and ** disciplined fascists **

He wanted to spread Italian power overseas.

He wanted leading interest in his education and training of the young.

He believed that ** loyal youth ** could help ** preserve the regime ** both at that time and in the future.

He therefore wanted a harsh transformation in the Italian Nation, **‘body and soul’**.

Actions Acts through many layers of society, training in arms which had restored to honour the virtue of courage, personal responsibility and initiative. Instruction, gymnastics, sport, camping, cruises, military exercises, artistic and musical activities and excursions  à tend to create an atmosphere of equality. The Duce Hoped this would create his future soldiers.

Successes

Unity of the party.

Increase support.

Gave people goals & properity. Failures In contrast to the from the //Dopolavaro// organisation, which Mussolini transferred control over from the Ministry of National economy to the party. ALTHOUGH... He took the youth organisation in 1929, the ONB out of the hands of the party organisation and handed control to the Ministry of National education.  à Disputes between party organisations and government departments made ** government slow and inefficient **

= = =__Schools__= = = =   Aims     = =       = =       =       The Italian youth were to have an absolute, unquestioning faith.

To make the youth have pride in the Italian nation.

A compulsary textbook for eight-year-olds explained: //“The eyes of the Duce are on every one of you. A child who, even while not refusing to obey, asks ‘why?’, is like a bayonet or milk. You must obey because you must. What is the duty of a child? Obedience! The second? Obedience! The third? Obedience!”//  =       = =   Actions     =

   In schools the __cult of personality__ was heavily __promoted__. - Teachers were ordered to stress Mussolini’s genius. - Schools were supplied with sycophantic biographies for use in the classroom. - Duce’s protrait was hung alongside that of the King.

Successes
 * Italians were happy for Mussolini to claim ‘Italy possessed the greatest civilisation’ reflected in text books.

Failures  
 * Proportion left school when they were 11 years old and avoided the ‘full programme of indoctrination’.
 * In private an Catholic schools state curriculum (and ONB membership) were never imposed.