ib_garcia

What are the values and limitations of the video game “Total War: Shogun 2 Fall of the samurai” for students studying the Boshin war? Image can be found at: [] // よもの海 // // みなはらからと思ふ世に // // など波風のたちさわぐらむ // // The seas of the four directions— // // all are born of one womb: // // why, then, do the wind and waves rise in discord? //   -poetry by the emperor Meiji on the war of Boshin ** Name : Hector Garcia Lopez. **   ** Word count: 1996 words ** ** Center number: FR042 / Candidate number: ? **

Content page: =A. Plan of the Investigation page 3= =B. Summary of evidence page 3 to 6= =C. Evaluation of sources page 6 to 7= =D. Analysis page 7 to 9= =E. Conclusion page 9= =F. List of sources page 10 to 11= =G. Appendices page 12 to 18=

= A. Plan of the Investigation =

This study will seek to answer the question “What are the values and limitation of the video game “Total War: Shogun 2 Fall of the samurai” for historians studying the Boshin war?” I chose this question because historically accurate video games can be an innovative medium to convey history to the younger generations. Also it is important that some modern conflicts mimic the Boshin war as it was mainly a conflict of modernization ideology. I have structured my analysis section into 3 sections: the interaction between European powers and japan, [1] forces present/technology and finally development of the war; all comparing to the game itself. In order to keep the scope of the study manageable, I have made use of a variety of carefully selected sources, in particular the following: the video game itself Total War: Shogun 2 Fall of the samurai, extracts from books such as “Une aventure au Japon” and “Nagasaki in the Meiji Restoration”. [2] =B. Summary of Evidence = __Introduction:__ The Boshin War is a period of transition of power in feudal japan as well as a modernization period for Japan. Japan had been ruled a feudal leader called “Shögun “since 1192 which is won by military prowess over the other clans. [3] However Japan did have an emperor which was being undermined by the power of the shogun leading the emperor to have risible power. After multiple miscalculation such as misevaluating of the price of Japanese gold making japan lose tons gold due to an exchange rate being “1:5 for silver” and made it reliant of foreign power such has the USA and France [4]. During that period which was called “Bakumatsu” with the “Kaikoku policy” aimed at opening japan to the rest of the world, [5] the shogunate lead to a new xenophobic political philosophy called the “Sonn ō jōi “ [6]. It grew popular leading to the alliance of the clans of Choshu, Tosa and Satsuma (Satcho alliance) under the banner of the Imperial court “imperial reverence” which started the civil war of Boshin aiming to restore Japan’s autarky under the emperor “Expel the Barbarians” alias foreigners. [7] __Development of the War:__[8]____ January 3 of 1868 Satsuma and Choshu took the imperial palace in Kyoto and gave the Emperor Meiji sovereignty over Japan [9]. The Shogun Yoshinobu decides to invade Kyoto on the 27 of January 1868 with a “10000+” men strong army against “3500” [10] of the imperial army however the imperial army fully modernized defeated the shogunate troops after 2 other daimyo’s [11] of Yodo and Tsu defected to the imperial side. [12] March 1868 Harry Parkes British minister and diplomat signed a neutrality pact in the Boshin war with other foreign nations including France, the pact did not stop the sale of weapons nor the sending of military instructors. [13] While Katsu Kaishu the shogun’s Army minister signs the surrender on the 4th of July 1868, the navy’s leader Enomoto Takeaki refuses to surrender and creates the Ezo Republic “retreating to island of Hokkaido” in the north. Ultimately the Ezo republic is defeated at the naval battle of Miyako after being their samurai boarding troops had being decimated by imperial Gatling guns. [14] The war ends on the 18 of May 1869 with the surrender of Enomoto. [15] __Forces present and technology:__ During the 17 months of conflict approximately”120,000 were sent to battle”; 30,000 for the imperial court and 80,000 for the shogunate. [16] However the imperial forces had been trained by British officers more rigorously into modern weaponry than the shogunate forces which containing “traditional feudal Japanese troops such as samurais”, “ashigarus with tanegashimas” [17], archers, cavalry and mounted cavalry with a limited amount of modern infantry trained by the French. Imperial’s had access to Armstrong artillery guns, to American Gatling guns which could fire 200 rounds a minute which was meanly a psychological weapon to make the enemy root. The imperial infantry used French modern Minié and British Lee-Enfield rifles which had a higher range than the shogunate’s German Gewehr [18]. The Shogun tried to buy the ironclad from France “the Kotetsu” but was blockaded from delivery by multiple foreign powers specially the British navy which later on handed it to the imperial faction after the battle of Toba-Fushimi. [19]

__Shogun 2:__ The game shogun 2 fall of the Samurai was critically acclaimed with an average score of “86/100” and revered by the players with an average user score of “8.4/10” making it on the top 200 videogames of all time [20] ; it was even nominee to a BAFTA [21]. The story telling team of Shogun hired as a history advisor renowned Japanese military historian PhD. Stephen Turnbull from the University of Leeds ; author of multiple books about Japanese history such as “The Samurai: A Military history”. [22] = C. Evaluation of Sources =

Shogun 2 – Appendix 1: The values of this source in terms of its origins of this PC game are that the game is published by a Japanese company SEGA® which is more likely influence the developers to depict the conflict accurately, the conflict being antique there no factional bias involved. In terms of its purposes, this source seeks to immerse the player into the Boshin war as a clan allowing him to understand the political intrigue of the Boshin war accurately .This is specifically true because the target audience of the game being an historical RTS [23] are historically interested adults who enjoy learning while playing. This is proven by the fact that the game contains a very detailed encyclopaedia. [24] However this source has limitations. In terms of origins, Creative assembly the developing house and SEGA seeks economic gains which influences most of the aspects of the game development. Specifically in order to target American audiences which were not interested by their ulterior titles such as Rome and medieval total war which did not include American as a playable faction, the American influence in the game was inflated while the American were merely selling weapons to both sides while the British and French had officers such as “Eugène Collache” directly involved.

University of Wisconsin - Oshkosh. **//Nagasaki in the Meiji restoration//** [ONLINE]. Available at: []. [last accessed: 17th September 2013] – Appendix 2: The second source is an interpretation by Professor Sidney DeVere Brown [25] of the diary of Kido Takayoshi [26] a Japanese statesman and imperial loyalist. The values of this source in terms of its origins are that they are first hands accounts from inside the government of the creating of the Satcho Alliance which led to the overthrown of the Shogunate. In terms of its purpose the source being written by a professor emeritus of history at the University of Oklahoma meant that its purpose was to inform the public as accurately as possible and with as little bias as possible. The original document of Mr Takayoshi was his personal diary meaning that he was more likely to explain the events freely than in an official document for example, in his diary he exposes fears about political decision of his colleges which might not be the best for Japan. However this source’s limitations are expected come from by the fact that the original document was translated however it “won Cultural Translation Price of the Japanese Translator Association in 1986”. [27] = D. Analysis =

__The interaction between European powers and japan:__ The multiple miscalculation such as misevaluate of the shogunate are mentioned in the games campaign however they are not described with a lot of detail [28]. The game makes multiple mentions of the “Bakumatsu” and to the “Sonn ō jōi “while explaining its accurately for the player [29]. When the war of boshin starts the imperials get access to British troops and the shogunate/ezo clans get access to French troops while both have access to Americans weapons which is accurate for example Gatling guns. [30] The game contains foreign advisors which train Japanese troops similarly to Eugènes Collache’s work with Edo during the real war however they are only seen as assets limiting their use as story tellers. Specifically the character of Thomas Blake Glover is underdeveloped as “No one exploited loosely controlled Nagashi in the pre-Restoration decade more profitably the era, who symbolized the era” as he “ (…) played a large role in importing weapons and exporting students for the anti-Tokugawa han in late Tokugawa Days” [31] __Development of the war:__ The game depicts every major event of the war is described with a fully animated cinematic which is narrated by the voice of a British officer as if he was recalling the events. This allows for an easy to understand, engaging and information rich method to understand the events however the officers is unknown to the player limiting the connection of the player which could being easily replaced by Harry Smith Parkes who had a deep knowledge of Asian policy after his witnessing of the Opium war and the Boshin war. The game makes the most important clans playable and differentiate them with lengthy and historically accurate in the in-game encyclopedia. [32] The clans are led by the their real leaders such as Satsuma with Shimazu Tadayoshi sadly the Satsuma clan’s icon had colored changed for easy identification by the player [33] However the game deviates from the historical path to an extent because the order of battles are chosen by the player and the units fighting for your side are dependent on your skill at producing units and indirectly of his management of taxes and kingdom. The game is separated in stages funneling the player to play the game into an accurate campaign moving from the Defense of Kyoto to the final siege of Edo. For example makes the north of japan hard to access before the fleeing of the Shogun’s army to Hokkaido. [34] __Forces present and technology:__ The game contains an historical battle scenario mode in which each side has the exact number of regiments and types of troops from the historic battle with an historically accurate narrative with battles such as the battle of Toba Fushimi, Osaka , Ueno , Aizu , naval Miyako Bay and most importantly the last one of the conflict the battle of Hakodate [35]. In those historical battle the imperial forces are better armed and the contrary for Edo those allow for perfect understanding of the battlefield however the campaign mode Is inaccurate as the player does field his own army which contrast with the individualist approach of the real events in the mobilization of troops accounting for the actions of “Ernest Satow” and “Glover” [36] The imperial forces have access to British Armstrong artillery guns, American Gatling .The imperial infantry use French modern Minié, British Lee-Enfield rifles accurate to the “40000” described by Kido in the diary [37]. The Shogun have access to the same technology however they are slower to acquire them but have a boost in medieval troop recruitment because their non-modernized troops cost cheaper allowing them to field more troops similarly to the real war when the shogun outnumbered the imperial troops by 2.6 [38] fold. The game clearly shows very distinct accuracy with having ships named after real boshin war vessal such the corvette Karin Maru for shogunate or the “Kötetsu” for the imperial at the end of the Hokkaido siege of the Ezo republic [39] [40] [41] = E. Conclusion: = The historical events are described however are limited in the context of historical figures which are used as assets such has Thomas Blake Glover. It should not be used independently of other methods to teach student because the events are not perfectly chronological using them as plot to advance the game rather than being primary content. However the game really shines with its representation of the race to modernization with the escalating of the technology race and the historical between the different clans both being highly accurate. In conclusion Shogun 2 fall of the samurai succeeds to represents the Boshin war to a new public which are not familiar with the period such as Millennial’s who are interested in videogames however it should not be used single-handedly in class nonetheless it is an appropriate introduction to the Boshin War. 1997 words

= F. List of Sources = -Collache, Eugène. (1874) //Une aventure au Japon// .Le Tour du monde (no ISBN : published before 1960)
 * __Books:__**
 * __ Academic books: __**

- Marius B. Jansen (2002). //The making of modern Japan//. Cambridge; the Belknap Press Harvard Univ. Press (ISBN: 0674009916). -Massachusetts Institute of Technology. **//Yokohama boomtown//** [ONLINE]. Availableat: []. [Last accessed: 17th September 2013] -Polak Christian (2001) //Soie et lumières : L’âge d’or des échanges franco-japonais.// //Hachette (ASIN :// B0080DD830) -University of Wisconsin - Oshkosh. **//Nagasaki in the Meiji restoration//** [ONLINE]. Available at: []. [Last accessed: 17th September 2013] - - Romulus Hillsborough (2005). //Shinsengumi//. Tokyo; Tuttle (ISBN: 0804836272).

-Creative’s assembly. Fall of the samurai shogun 2 in-game encyclopedia only available in-game [ONLINE]Available at: []. [Last accessed: 8th October 2013]
 * __ Electronic sources: __**

-Creative Assembly. **//Fall of the Samurai nominated for BAFTA | The Creative Assembly//** [ONLINE]. Availableat: []. [Last accessed: 8th October 2013] -MetaCritic **//Total War: Shogun 2 - Fall of the Samurai for PC Reviews - Metacritic//** [ONLINE]. Available at: []. [last accessed: 8th October 2013] -Richard Turnbull. **// Dr. Stephen Turnbull Professional Services //** [ONLINE]. Available at: []. [last accessed: 8th October 2013] -Wikiauthors (web address renewed 09-May-2012 00:25:29 UTC). **//Kido Takayoshi - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia//** [ONLINE]. Available at: []. [Last accessed: 17th September 2013]


 * __ Electronic journals: __**

Jonathan Biddle. **//Sidney DeVere Brown - News - Augustagazette - Augusta, KS - Augusta, KS//** [ONLINE]. Available at: []. [Last accessed: 17th September 2013]

Norman Transcript. [ONLINE]. Available at: http://normantranscript.com/obituaries_archive_url/x1572391245/Dr-Sidney-DeVere-Brown. [Last accessed: 24th September 2013]

Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc. (ENCYC69958). **//Shogunate (Japanese history) -- Encyclopedia Britannica//** [ONLINE]. Available at: []. [Last accessed: 17th September 2013] Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc. (ENCYC69958). **//Daimyo (Japanese social class) -- Encyclopedia Britannica//** [ONLINE].Available at: []. [Last accessed: 17th September 2013] = = = = = = = =
 * __Encyclopedias:__**

=G. Appendices:=

=1) Cover of fall of the samurai representing the game= -Creative’s assembly. Fall of the samurai shogun 2 [ONLINE]Available at: [] . [Last accessed: 8th October 2013]

=2) Extract from Nagasaki in the meiji restoration by Sidney DeVere Brown:= University of Wisconsin - Oshkosh. **//Nagasaki in the Meiji restoration//** [ONLINE]. Available at: [] . [Last accessed: 17th September 2013] ==== The Diary of Kido Takayoshi is my starting point. Several entries in 1868 reveal an unusually close relationship between Kido (1833-1877), the Meiji statesman from Choshu, and Thomas Blake Glover (1838-1912), the British merchant from Nagasaki. Kido was one of the main creators of the new revolutionary government, while Glover headed the largest foreign trading firm in Japan. Their affinity stirs curiosity, and merits further investigation. ====  On May 12, 1868, for example, while attending on the young Emperor Meiji during his sojourn in Osaka, Kido called at Glover's place. "We talked together about events of the past three years," wrote Kido, "and we had a lot to say, having met after so long a time." Glover's parting gift, a pistol, was singularly appropriate, coming from the arms merchant who equipped the Choshu military forces for victory over the Bakufu army in 1866. A few days later the two had a chance encounter. "Today I met Glover and Mackenzie at the Kobe post-station," Kido noted. "Glover spied me in my kago chair, and came over to inquire after me." Probably the two made an appointment for next morning, on June 1, 1868, for Kido called at the Glover Trading Company to lease a warship to provide passage home for his domain prince, the Choshu heir who was in the Kyoto-Osaka area, where the Boshin War had barely quieted down. Two men in Glover's office that day were well-known to Kido. One was the Satsuma samurai entrepreneur Godai Tomoatsu who had used his intimate business ties with the Scot to turn the Choshu arms deal; and the other was Glover's Japanese manager, the returned castaway from America, Joseph Heco, whom Kido approached for employment for two of his Choshu proteges. The request suggested familiarity. But it was Godai who had been particularly useful to Kido in 1865 when he was recalled from hiding, in the wake of the radical Kiheitai coup in his han, to take charge of preparations for the Second Choshu War with the Bakufu. Their acquaintanceship was a product of the secret Satsuma-Choshu link which resulted in alliance, and precipitated the overthrow of the Bakufu. Kido needed modern arms; Godai was his cover in Nagasaki for providing them through his close ties with Glover, at whose house he sometimes stayed overnight. For Kido Satsuma aid was indispensable for executing his han's new policy. The policy, announced by the Choshu daimyo, in May 1865, stipulated that the han hereditary and volunteer forces should be converted into a Western-style army with modern military equipment. Its leaders should be the most talented men available regardless of their social status. Kido chose the brilliant military planner Omura Masujiro, son of a Choshu country doctor, to lead the military reform and summoned him home from Tosa to take charge. "When [Omura's] program is implemented," Kido observed, "Choshu will be a very strong country indeed;" but, for the moment, the local forces, even the Kiheitai, were "poorly equipped." "We cannot hope to obtain enough rifles immediately," Kido reported to the han government in Yamaguchi, "but I have heard that there are about 1000 long Minie rifles in the Nagasaki area. If this is true, I wonder if we should not acquire all of them at once." In the same report Kido also proposed the purchase of another warship from the treaty-port. Kido's desperate need was weaponry in the summer of 1865, and he opened the supply line from Choshu to Godai and Glover in Nagasaki thus: Sakamoto Ryoma, the Tosa mediator, was asked, when he stopped over at Shimonoseki, to assist the embattled domain in making contact with arms traders in Nagasaki from which the proscribed han was barred by using the name of Satsuma. Rice-short Satsuma armies, far from home in the capital area, could have some Choshu provisions in exchange, Kido promised. As a result the Satsuma mansion in Nagasaki put up the Choshu agents (Inoue Kaoru and Ito Hirobumi), gave them Satsuma pseudonyms, and took them to Glover's house on the south bluff of the bay after midnight to consummate the crucial munitions deal. Soon 7300 rifles of the latest design were enroute to Choshu. Nakaoka Shintaro a few months later remarked that "in every way the forces of the han have been renewed; only companies of rifle and cannon exist, and the rifles are Minies, the cannon breech loaders using shells." Gunnery was practiced constantly. Naval maneuvers also commanded attention as the steam warship Union, acquired from Glover, and manned by sailors from Sakamoto's company made its way to Choshu in December 1865. The rifles and the ship were central to the han fighting in 1866. NAGASAKI TREATY PORT IN THE 1860S Why was smuggling so easy at Nagasaki, so lately the tightly controlled focus of the Tokugawa sakoku policy, "the world's peephole into Japan"? Why was Glover who "exemplified the buccaneering spirit of the British merchant" able to import rifles, cannon, and warships for rebels with impunity? He sold arms not only to Choshu, but to all comers, it appeared, even to the Bakufu; and he dealt in Western consumer goods as well, as did Alt and Company, Sassoon and Company, and others in the heyday of the treaty port in the decade after its opening on July 4, 1859. Nagasaki was only a small city of 40,000 population, but a mere 250 to 300 foreigners who resided there changed Japan forever. Nagasaki's remoteness from Edo was one factor in dissolving Bakufu political authority, especially with the general weakening of the Tokugawa control structure at the end of the political cycle. Whereas once the Dutch factor, the opperhoofd of Deshima, humbled himself when ordered into the presence of the Bakufu Commissioners in the era of the "closed country", now in 1863 the British consul summoned the Nagasaki Vice Governors to his establishment. In the latter period neither British consul nor Bakufu commissioner sought seriously to control the trade which had once been a restricted Edo monopoly. In the 1860s, indeed, Bakufu officials winked at smuggling, and were corruptible. In the bill to the Choshu government for the purchase of the ship Union appears an item for sake for treating Bakufu officials, suggesting that the price of influence was small. The British interpreter Ernest Satow summed it up: "At Nagasaki most of the territorial nobles of Western Japan had establishments whither they sent for sale the rice and other produce received in payment of tribute from the peasants, and their retainers came into frequent contact with foreigners, whose houses they visited for the purchase of arms, gunpowder, and steamers." Satsuma had such an establishment, and Tosa as well, but not the "rebel han" Choshu which carried out the abortive raid on Kyoto in 1864. Nagasaki was an excellent port, protected from the southwest typhoons by mountains around its "long, land-locked harbor," which appeared "almost like a very broad river." To the first-time visitor from England, the island-dotted waters provided "a vision of beauty," particularly the sugar-loaf shaped Pappenberg Island with its luxuriant growth. The only blemish was the ugly Russian settlement at the head of the bay. The beautiful port flourished on account of proximity to China, particularly to Shanghai from which many of the traders including Glover had come, bringing with them a domineering and lawless style conditioned on the China coast. Shanghai, incorporated as it was into the world economy, helped carry Japanese trade into the broader stream. Moreover, Nagasaki connected readily to the treaty ports and cities elsewhere in Japan, Kobe, Osaka, and Yokohama, where Glover also did business and had branches. Small though it was Nagasaki, the window to the West, beckoned foreign merchants, diplomats and consuls, missionaries, samurai, and daimyo. (Once Ex-Lord Nabeshima Masanao of Hizen explored the city incognito.) Foreigners and Japanese were free to mingle, and the city attracted those most interested in the ideas of the West in the 1860s, "an exciting period which increasingly undermined the shogunate." Nagasaki was also the major point of cultural exchange with the world; for the Choshu and Satsuma students who first studied in England left from there. To the new open port Protestant missionaries came as well, of whom the Reverend Guido Verbeck (Dutch Reformed, United States) was the most successful in espousing Western ideas. "Some sort of friendly feeling...sprang up, which was increased by the American missionaries who gave instruction in English to younger members of [the samurai] class," remembered Satow, "and imparted to them the liberal ideas which had no small influence on the subsequent course of events." Verbeck has been credited with first proposing the Iwakura Mission, 1871-1873, the Great Japanese Embassy to America and Europe to study its political institutions and factories, its military systems and schools. GLOVER'S ROLE IN NAGASAKI No one exploited loosely controlled Nagasaki in the pre-Restoration decade more profitably than Thomas Blake Glover, who symbolized the era, and made his cultural contribution as well. Marius Jansen's summation of Glover's career is succinct: He was "a Scottish merchant who played a large role in importing weapons and exporting students for the anti-Tokugawa han in late Tokugawa days." The fine Glover house on the south bluff above Nagasaki harbor attests to his importance, a dwelling which the Nagasaki Chamber of Commerce in more recent days has denominated the "Madame Butterfly House." There is even a small bronze statue of Puccini's fictional character on the terrace below the house, but Glover's only connection with the story is that he conducted a parallel romance. His own wife, Tsuru, was a kind of a Cho-Cho Sama without the tragedy. She entered his house informally like Pinkerton's lady, but later was recognized as Glover's wife "in mature years of respectability," and was buried with him in the foreign cemetery at the port. Glover's fortunes rose and fell with Nagasaki. He arrived from Shanghai in 1859 as a twenty-one year old clerk to Kenneth Ross MacKenzie, local agent for Jardine, Matheson and Company. Later in 1862 Glover established his own firm with advances from Jardine against 10% mortgages on building lots he had acquired in the treaty port; and the firm was destined to flourish to the extent that when Kido met the young Scot in Kobe in 1868, Glover had Mackenzie working for him. Why did Glover sell to Choshu? One interpretation is that he was a political romantic who was entranced by the radical loyalist cause. He himself seemed to subscribe to the idea that he was a political adventurer who was known as the greatest enemy of the Tokugawa government. The young merchant (who was thirty in 1868) may have felt empathy for the young loyalist Choshu leaders (Kido, 35; Ito, 28). Moreover, the youthful British interpreters, Ernest Satow and Algernon B. Mitford, who were in and out of Nagasaki, were committed to the Imperial cause, and may have carried Glover with them. A second interpretation is that the Scot simply acted as an agent of British imperialism which backed the Emperor's cause to counter French imperialism behind the Bakufu. Tsuchiya Takao wrote of rival imperialisms colliding in the 1860s to create a balance of power which forestalled intervention by either. In fact, while Britain wanted to end feudal rule which impeded trade expansion, it regarded a popular revolution or direct intervention by the West as totally disruptive of commercial activity, and supported the nationalism of the reformers only insofar as it promised gradual change. Aid to Satsuma and Choshu might accomplish that. As Gordon Daniels has noted, no matter what Mitford and Satow said, Minister Harry Parkes who arrived in 1865 was scrupulously neutral, and committed only to expanding trade, which might be accomplished by dismantling the feudal system without committing to revolution. In his support of Choshu Glover went considerably beyond the limits established by Parkes. The third interpretation is that Glover was simply a pragmatic, profit-oriented merchant who was willing to sell to "any who would pay," even "something of a freebooter," as Olive Checkland has observed. Glover's mentor Mackenzie was held to be a specialist in illegal trade upriver in China at Hankow before he was sent to Japan early by Jardine to put his talents to work--to obtain, by whatever means--illegally if necessary, silk which was a third cheaper in Japan than China, or seaweed which could serve as a substitute for salt then in short supply in China. The unflattering assessment is John McMaster's. Glover emulated the older man, then outdid him, selling arms to Choshu as well as to the Bakufu. Glover also engaged in legitimate trade. He imported cotton goods and woolens from England, and exported refired tea and rice from the anti-Bakufu han to China. The tempting unneutral trade in arms and ships was the most profitable, however. Glover slid into bankruptcy as soon as stability returned to the country after 1868, and the center of trade moved eastward to Hyogo and Yokohama. His joint venture with Tosa in the nearby Takashima coal mine, and his grandiose scheme to engage in shipbuilding, to enter shipping on the run to Shanghai, and to refire tea on a large scale, stirred suspicions among his creditors, mainly Jardine, Matheson, who foreclosed in 1870. As a business consultant to Mitsubishi Steamship Company, Glover recovered and lived comfortably until the end of the Meiji era. Glover in old age with his full white moustache is the one we know from photographs, impressive appearing, but less important than the young swashbuckling arms merchant who gave Choshu aid at a critical time through its Nagasaki connection. CHOSHU MILITARY MODERNIZATION AND NAGASAKI Choshu had the radical spirit of loyalism when Kido took charge of war preparations in 1865, but not the weaponry to make "the righteousness of our cause prevail." "We must make good use of last year's truce" with the Bakufu, he wrote Hirosawa Saneomi, a radical whom he had brought into government, to "prepare for victory by all means at our disposal." Choshu had a complex military organization, a regular han army, irregular samurai-commoner units known as shotai of which the Kiheitai was the first and most famous, and even a merchant-farmer militia. The regular forces were inferior to the Kiheitai, and "laughed at even by peasants," according to one report. But none was well-equipped. Overall morale was high in Choshu, believed Kido, and a feeling approximating modern nationalism prevailed in the han. Even commoners were "clasping their hands while deploring the state of the nation, and prepared to have their bones bleach on the battlefield." The foreign threat had shaken the people out of their torpor of 300 years under the Tokugawa, and created a welcome sense of "alarm," wrote Kido. The doctor's son, using a medical metaphor, explained that a "skilled physician" could revive Choshu, and possibly "cure the disease of the Empire," if only he could neutralize the "poisonous medicine" of the Bakufu. Good quality weapons were needed in oft-defeated Choshu, not the cheapest in small quantities as officials in Yamaguchi castle town advocated, but the best Minie guns in sufficient numbers to equip an army. Kido's quest led directly to Thomas Glover, who at first seemed wary in his letters and personal conversation, but, after expressing his reservations, possibly as a bargaining device, always delivered. The Bakufu had made "a pointed request to the British Queen not to allow the illicit trade. The Shogun himself sent her a personal letter," Glover explained, and to sell arms to a rebel force would be a treaty violation. "Glover feels sorry for us," Kido explained to the Seijido [Political Council] in Yamaguchi, "but there is nothing he can do." The Scot did have a suggestion to circumvent the Bakufu. If Choshu would send a vessel directly to Shanghai to buy rifles, "Glover will do everything in his power to buy and load as many guns as we want; he seems to be deeply committed to us on this matter." If Choshu needed a ship, Glover would use his influence to buy one in Shanghai. In the end Glover provided the needed rifles directly from Nagasaki, and accompanied Ito Hirobumi back to Shimonoseki,on October 15, 1865, for his first personal meeting with Kido, who noted: "This man is the wealthiest of all foreign merchants who have come to Japan; and he is on intimate terms with ministers and consuls. I am supposed to hand the money for the guns to him." Glover had come "partly for sightseeing" aboard a rundown wooden steamship, so as not to attract attention; and he had introduced Ito to his own crew as a Satsuma man. "Trading with our han is strictly prohibited for a foreigner; therefore, Glover is very reluctant about dealing with us," explained Kido; and he had not told his own crew about the sale of guns which, in any case, were not aboard that ship. If discovered, Glover could be prohibited from engaging in foreign trade for three years, and even fined or imprisoned. A profit of 10,000 or 20,000 ryo was not worth the risk, Glover argued. The canny Scot may have been seeking to up the price. Never one to miss a sale, Glover proposed selling the decrepit vessel on which he and Ito had arrived to Choshu, but Kido declined to buy the wooden steamer. Actual delivery of the 4000 Minie rifles (Kido's figure) was made at the secluded port of Mitajiri from a Satsuma ship under the supervision of Inoue Kaoru the following day; and the nervous captain barely halted long enough to unload his contraband cargo before proceeding to Osaka. For 92,000 ryo, a large sum, the han received 4300 Minies and 3000 Gewehrs. The price for each Minie was 18 ryo, for each Gewehr 5 ryo, a worthwhile investment for the well-equipped Choshu forces for their war ahead. Kido's letters reveal that he struggled with conservative economizers in han councils over the purchase of a high quality steam warship in the fall of 1865. His opponents regarded a 60 horsepower vessel as powerful enough, he held out for a 120 horsepower ship. "The greatest value of a gunboat lies in the fact that it is powerful and fast, even though it is small. To take an analogy from the flight of birds, it can be compared to a great hawk or a falcon. A falcon which lacks quickness has little value." He acquired his ship, the Union, for 37,500 ryo from Glover, in December, 1865; and Sakamoto himself commanded the vessel, renamed the Otchu-maru, in the decisive naval battle against the Bakufu fleet near Oshima-gun on the Eastern front in July 1866. Kido's preoccupation with weaponry, probably with prompting from Omura, extended to worry about the Bakufu's advanced artillery technique; and he once instructed Ito Hirobumi in Nagasaki to buy some books on artillery or other aspects of military science, and send them home with Yamashiroya Wasuke, Choshu's purchasing agent. "If you run out of money, you may borrow from the Satsuma mansion," Kido told Ito, but by all means purchase enough copies for general circulation among the troops. Takasugi Shinsaku who commanded the Choshu fleet in its notable victory over the Bakufu at Oshima-gun in July 1866 was another Choshu leader who frequented Nagasaki, knew Glover, and crossed over to Shanghai. Appalled that Shanghai was virtually an English and French colony, he wrote a journal which inspired Choshu memorials that Japan should avoid China's fate. Exhibiting the ambivalence toward the West shared by his compatriots, Takasugi planned to go to England in 1865, as Omura Masujiro recommended, but was dissuaded by Glover, who hoped to use him to open the port of Shimonoseki in Choshu to foreign trade. Before he died of tuberculosis at the age of twenty-nine, in 1867, Takasugi had commanded Choshu naval forces in victory over the Bakufu fleet at Oshima-gun in the east part of his han, and watched in gratification through the binoculars from the deck of his warship as the Bakufu commander fled Kokura castle across the straits; but he missed the great tide of Western han samurai students to London in the 1860s. A WIDER WINDOW ON THE WEST Nagasaki's second, and ultimately more significant role was cultural. Radical Emperor loyalists lived among "barbarians" in Nagasaki where Japanese and foreigners mingled more meaningfully than in the newer treaty ports. There was less "political scheming" in Nagasaki, and more attention to trade pure and simple albeit the arms trade. Sakamoto observed to a Choshu friend that "Nagasaki, with all these people here, is as interesting as something from the period of the warring states." Godai believed that Nagasaki, where radicals lived among foreigners, moderated the innate xenophobia among these loyalists. The conversion was completed when they actually started for the West. "More than half of our number had been leading instigators of anti-foreign sentiment, but when they stepped ashore at Malta in the Mediterranean and saw for the first time the enlightened progress and the mighty power of Europe they awoke at once," he continued. Glover's hand was visible in the two major study abroad projects of the period, as his firm arranged secret travel for the Choshu Five to England in 1863 when it was still illegal, and quietly sent the fifteen from Satsuma under Godai there in 1865. A Mr. Weigal, Glover's manager in Yokohama, put the Choshu youths, disguised as English sailors, aboard a reluctant Captain J. S. Gower's vessel at 1000 ryo each, bound for Shanghai where they were sheltered on an opium storage ship before dividing into two groups for the long voyage to London. Inoue Kaoru and Ito Hirobumi, destined to be two of the greatest statesmen of the age, worked as deckhands aboard the 1500 ton steamer Pegagus on the voyage to Europe. William Matheson himself introduced the Japanese students to Professor Alexander Williamson, University College, London, a chemist in the Royal Academy. As is well known, Inoue and Ito returned to Japan after a few monthsof observing the military and industrial might of England to warn Choshu authorities to abandon their extreme joi policy, but the other three stayed long enough to become technical experts. One of them, Yamao Yozo went to Glasgow to study science at the Andersonian, and to work in the shipyards, 1866-1868, evidently with introductions from Glover. These five modernizers, with their British experience though without university degrees, alloccupied important offices in the early Meiji government: Inoue Kaoru as Acting Finance Minister, Ito as Minister of Public Works, Inoue Masaru--Director of Railways; Yamao Yozo--founder, Imperial Engineering College; and Endo Kinsuke--Director, Osaka Mint. Japanese modernization owed that much to Glover. Satsuma was not far behind Choshu in sending fifteen young samurai under the escort of a Glover associate named Ryle Holme in April 1865. One of the number stayed at Glover's old home in Aberdeen, Scotland. Leaders were the naval officer Godai Tomoatsu, destined to be the founder of the Osaka Chamber of Commerce, and the medical professor Terajima Munenori, a future foreign minister. Mori Arinori, who studied navigation in England, boarded a sailing bark to deliver coal from Newcastle to Russia in the summer of 1866, and returned home to Kagoshima shortly after the Restoration so foreignized as to be suspect in his conservative castle town. Missionaries at Nagasaki became agents of enlightenment, most notably the Reverend Guido Verbeck (Dutch Reformed, United States) who arrived in 1859, and taught Okuma Shigenobu and Soejima Taneomi (finance minister and foreign minister respectively) about "the New Testament" and "the American Constitution", in addition to inspiring the Iwakura Embassy. The blot on this record of Nagasaki as a center of Western liberal thought was the treatment of the kakure [hidden] Christians when they were discovered in 1865. No less a person than Kido Takayoshi of Choshu was dispatched by the new Meiji government to Nagasaki to deal with these violators of the ancient ban on the alien religion in 1868. He identified the "Christian ringleaders," and had them transported into exile in Tsuwano han next to his own Choshu, and elsewhere, aboard steamships possibly hired from the accommodating Glover. Not until he met the estimable Christian convert Niijima Jo in the United States in 1872 during the Iwakura Embassy did Kido moderate his traditional, hostile view of Christianity. By then Nagasaki, the source of arms for his revolution and an agency of the new government's modernization policies, had dropped behind the treaty ports closer to Tokyo, and Glover had gone bankrupt. The aims of Japan's nationalist revolutionaries and of Britain's profit-maximizing merchants had coincided for only a fleeting moment in history at Nagasaki in the 1860s. = = = = = = =4) Faction logos= Creative’s assembly. Fall of the samurai shogun 2 [ONLINE]Available at: [] . [Last accessed: 8th October 2013] = = = = = = = =
 * 3) Campaign map: **Alex Tora. Boshin campaign map [Online] Available at: [] . [Last accessed: 8th October 2013]

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=5)Satsuma clan flag := -Alex Tora. Satsuma clan flag [ONLINE]Available at: [] . [Last accessed: 8th October 2013]

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6) Armstrong guns: Creative’s assembly. Fall of the samurai shogun 2 [ONLINE]Available at: [] . [Last accessed: 8th October 2013] = =

=7) gatling guns := Creative’s assembly. Fall of the samurai shogun 2 [ONLINE]Available at: [] . [Last accessed: 8th October 2013]

=8) Foreign troops mercenaries + ironclad class ships=

Creative’s assembly. Fall of the samurai shogun 2 [ONLINE]Available at: []. [Last accessed: 8th October 2013] =9) Encyclopedia/Imperial Lee Enfield’s:=

Creative’s assembly. Fall of the samurai shogun 2 [ONLINE]Available at: []. [Last accessed: 8th October 2013] =10) Historical battles:=

Creative’s assembly. Fall of the samurai shogun 2 [ONLINE]Available at: []. [Last accessed: 8th October 2013] =11) Satsuma encyclopedia:=

Creative’s assembly. Fall of the samurai shogun 2 [ONLINE]Available at: []. [Last accessed: 8th October 2013]

[1] shogunate and empire [2] Collache, Eugène. (1874) //Une aventure au Japon// .Le Tour du monde (no ISBN : published before 1960) and University of Wisconsin - Oshkosh. **//Nagasaki in the Meiji restoration//** [ONLINE]. Available at: []. [last accessed: 17th September 2013] - [3] Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc. (ENCYC69958). **//shogunate (Japanese history) -- Encyclopedia Britannica//** [ONLINE]. Available at: []. [last accessed: 13th September 2013] “ Japanese **Bakufu,** or **Shōgunshoku**, government of the shogun , or hereditary military dictator, of Japan from ad 1192 to 1867. The term shogun appeared in various titles given to military commanders “ [4] Massachusetts Institute of Technology. **//Yokohama boomtown//** [ONLINE]. Availableat: []. [last accessed: 17th September 2013] Traditional domestic markets and distribution routes were disrupted—bringing profit to some native entrepreneurs but economic disaster to a great many more. A skewed international exchange rate involving gold and silver precipitated an enormous drain of goldfrom Japan—forcing the Bakufu to drastically debase Japanese currency in 1860.(Within Japan, the gold-to-silver exchange rate was 1:5, meaning that one unit of gold could be purchased for five units of silver. The international rate, by contrast, was 1:15—meaning that a unit of Japanese gold would fetch 15 of silver outside Japan,which in turn could be used to purchase three more units of Japanese gold.)

[5] Romulus Hillsborough (2005). //Shinsengumi//. Tokyo; Tuttle (ISBN: 0804836272). [6] Translates to Revere the King, Expel the Barbarians referencing foreigners as barbarians “- Romulus Hillsborough (2005). //Shinsengumi//. Tokyo; Tuttle (ISBN: 0804836272).Meanwhile, the antiforeignism embraced by the Imperial Loyalists of Choshu; Satsuma, and Tosa transformed into an anti-Tokugawa,nationalist movement. At first they advocated Sonn ō jōi (Imperial Reverence and Expel the Barbarians)” [7] Marius B. Jansen (2002). //The making of modern Japan//. Cambridge; the Belknap Press Harvard Univ. Press (ISBN: 0674009916). “ It was Fujitawho wrote the charter for Nariaki’s academy with its invocation sonno-joi, which called for reverence to the throne and expulsion of the foreigners. Fujitabegan with an undifferentiated image of a hostile West. Because the Hollanders he saw were dressed differently from pictures of seventeenth-century Dutchmen and in fact just like Rezanov’s Russians at Nagasaki in 1804, he concluded that Japan was threatened by a devious West that was trying to envelop it from all directions.” [8] Appendix 3 shows the map of events of the conflict [9] Marius B. Jansen (2002). //The making of modern Japan//. Cambridge; the Belknap Press Harvard Univ. Press (ISBN: 0674009916). “ On January 3, 1868, the court proclaimed the Restoration of Imperial Rule of Old (O¯sei fukko no daigorei).That same day a little group had met at the residence of Iwakura Tomomi to set in motion plans for their units to seize control of the palace gates. Keiki was ordered to surrender his lands as well as his powers. Unsure of his course, he retreated to the Osaka Castle to attend a meeting previously arranged with representatives of the foreign powers. By then Kyoto was securely within the control of the coalition headed by Satsuma. After some hesitation Keiki yielded to the pleas of his indignant vassals; he remonstrated to the court, and then decided to contest the issue by force. A battle on the approaches to Kyoto, at Toba-Fushimi, followed on January 27. In sharp ﬁghting bakufu units were subjected to withering ﬁre along the way. Unprepared for battle and poorly led, they fell back on Osaka. Keiki returned by ship to an Edo he had not visited during his brief reign as shogun. The Restoration War (Boshin senso¯, so named for the zodiacal cycle) had begun.” [10] Romulus Hillsborough (2005). Shinsengumi. Tokyo; Tuttle (ISBN: 0804836272).”Only about 3,500 of these, mostly from Satsuma, had been deployed to the Kyoto area. Meanwhile, the Aizu (…) troops stationed at the Fushimi magistrate’s compound had been reinforced to more than 10,000 strong.” [11] Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc. (ENCYC69958). **//Daimyo (Japanese social class) -- Encyclopedia Britannica//** [ONLINE]. Available at: []. [Last accessed: 17th September 2013]. Feudal seniors and clan leaders; “ ** daimyo ** **, ** any of the largest and most powerful landholding magnates in Japan from about the 10th century until the latter half of the 19th century. The Japanese word // daimyo // is compounded from // dai //(“large”) and // myō // (for // myōden, // or “name-land,” meaning “private land”).” [12] Romulus Hillsborough (2005). //Shinsengumi//. Tokyo; Tuttle (ISBN: 0804836272). [13] Collache, Eugène. (1874) //Une aventure au Japon// .Le Tour du monde (no ISBN : published before 1960) « 10 years ago the french governement had sent French officiers and sub-officers to Yedo the Capital of Japan. To train Japanese troops the art of war” translated by myself from the French. [14] Collache, Eugène. (1874) //Une aventure au Japon// .Le Tour du monde (no ISBN : published before 1960) « At their arrival, the sub-officiels were surprised to find that the island of Nipon (main island of Japan) had been concerned by the imperial forces and that the admiral Takeaki had retreated to the island of Yedo (now know as Hakkaido) in order to fortify the resistance » [15] Polak Christian (2001) Soie et lumières : L’âge d’or des échanges franco-japonais. Hachette (ASIN : B0080DD830) [16] Marius B. Jansen (2002). //The making of modern Japan//. Cambridge; The Belknap Press Harvard Univ. Press (ISBN: 0674009916). [17] “ University of Wisconsin - Oshkosh. **//Nagasaki in the Meiji restoration//** [ONLINE]. Available at: []. “Feudal foot soldiers with portguese arquebus Tanegashima [18] 20 meters for the Gewehr instead of the 50 meters of the Miniés Collache, Eugène. (1874) //Une aventure au Japon// .Le Tour du monde (no ISBN : published before 1960) [19] University of Wisconsin - Oshkosh. **//Nagasaki in the Meiji restoration//** [ONLINE]. Available at: []. [last accessed: 17th September 2013] - “1000 long Minie rifles in the Nagasaki area”, “4300 Minie rifles” “3000 Gewehrs” [20] MetaCritic **//Total War: Shogun 2 - Fall of the Samurai for PC Reviews - Metacritic//** [ONLINE]. Available at: []. [last accessed: 8th October 2013] [21] Creative Assembly. **//Fall of the Samurai nominated for BAFTA | The Creative Assembly//** [ONLINE]. Availableat: []. [Last accessed: 8th October 2013] [22] Richard Turnbull. **// Dr. Stephen Turnbull Professional Services //** [ONLINE]. Available at: []. [last accessed: 8th October 2013] [23] Real time strategy game [24] Appendix 9 [25] Jonathan Biddle. **//Sidney DeVere Brown - News - Augustagazette - Augusta, KS - Augusta, KS//** [ONLINE]. Available at: []. [last accessed: 17th September 2013] [26] Wikiauthors (web address renewed 09-May-2012 00:25:29 UTC). **//Kido Takayoshi - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia//** [ONLINE]. Available at: []. [last accessed: 17th September 2013] [27] Norman Transcript. [ONLINE]. Available at: http://normantranscript.com/obituaries_archive_url/x1572391245/Dr-Sidney-DeVere-Brown. [last accessed: 24th September 2013] [28] Massachusetts Institute of Technology. **//Yokohama boomtown//** [ONLINE]. Availableat: []. [last accessed: 17th September 2013] [29] Translates to Revere the King, Expel the Barbarians referencing foreigners as barbarians [30] Appendix 7 (shows Gatling guns in the menus) [31] University of Wisconsin - Oshkosh. Untitled Page [ONLINE]. Available at: http://www.uwosh.edu/home_pages/faculty_staff/earns/meiji.html. [last accessed: 17th September 2013]- [32] Appendices ( shows the game encyclopedia ) [33] Appendix 5 compared to appendice 11 (5 shows the real flag while 11 shows the in-game one which has different colors) [34] Collache, Eugène. (1874) //Une aventure au Japon// .Le Tour du monde (no ISBN : published before 1960) [35] Appendix 10 [36] *They represented Matheson and Company Corporation of freelancer who sold weapons to the Choshu clan and therefore the imperial army. University of Wisconsin - Oshkosh. **//Nagasaki in the Meiji restoration//** [ONLINE]. Available at: []. [last accessed: 17th September 2013] - [37] University of Wisconsin - Oshkosh. **//Nagasaki in the Meiji restoration//** [ONLINE]. Available at: []. [Last accessed: 17th September 2013] -

[38] 80,000 shogun/30,000 imperial=2.6666 Massachusetts Institute of Technology. **//Yokohama boomtown//** [ONLINE]. Available at: []. [last accessed: 17th September 2013]

[39] Collache, Eugène. (1874) //Une aventure au Japon// .Le Tour du monde (no ISBN : published before 1960) [40] Appendices 6 to 8 [41] University of Wisconsin - Oshkosh. **//Nagasaki in the Meiji restoration//** [ONLINE]. Available at: []. [last accessed: 17th September 2013] -