ia_2011_f_borja

=List of Sources (non included in word count) Tips]=

Books.

Edward Behr, (1997). //Prohibition//. Arcade Publishing (ISBN: 1559703946).

Daniel Okrent, (2010). //Last Call: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition//. Scribner (ISBN: 0743277023).

Thomas M. Coffey (1975). The long thirst. New York: Norton, (ISBN: 0393055574).

Websites

[] - Noble experiment general information

[] - Al Capone information

[] - George Remus and the loophole in the law.

[]

-General information about George Remus

[] - speakeasies in America during prohibition

[] (30/8/2010) General Prohibition information

[] (30/8/2010) Information about the director

[] (30/8/2010) New York Times review of the book.

[] (30/8/2010) information about Gangsterism in the USA

[] (30/8/2010) information about the Valentine’s day massacre.

Other

Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

Appendix 1. Section 1. After one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited. Section 2. The Congress and the several States shall have concurrent power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. Section 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress.

Appendix 2  [] The Volstead act (first page) Appendix 3
 * [] Photograph of George Remus ||
 * [] Photograph of George Remus ||

Appendix 4 Appendix 5 – Spartacus Al Capone page “Alphonse Capone was born in Brooklyn, New York, in 1899. When he was 22 he was recruited by Johnny Torrio, a bootlegger in [|Chicago]. Torrio was one of the many people who had established his business after the passing of the National Prohibition Act in 1920. Capone's job was to persuade speakeasy proprietors to buy Torrio's illegal alcohol.
 * [] <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Cartoon demonstrates the corruption of those which were supposed to enforce the prohibition. ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;">[] <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Cartoon demonstrates the corruption of those which were supposed to enforce the prohibition. ||

Within three years Capone had taken over Johnny Torrio's business and controlled 161 illegal drinking establishments. In an attempt to expand his business, Capone developed the policy of killing his competitors. After the killing of Dion O'Banion in 1926 gang-warfare broke out in [|Chicago]. In one year there were 130 gangsters murdered in just one district of the city. This included the famous St Valentine's Day Massacre when six leading members of the Bugs Moran gang were executed in a garage by gangsters dressed in police uniforms.

Few of the murderers were arrested and convicted of their crimes. Gangsters like Capone were able to use their money to bribe police investigators or intimidate potential witnesses. The police were also hampered by the refusal of any gangster to testify against another gangster.

It is estimated that by 1929, Capone's income from the various aspects of his business was $60,000,000 (illegal alcohol), $25,000,000 (gambling establishments), $10,000,000 (vice) and $10,000,000 from various other rackets. It is claimed that Capone was employing over 600 gangsters to protect this business from rival gangs.

Capone openly admitted how he had obtained his wealth. "I make my money by supplying a public demand. If I break the law, my customers who number hundreds of the best people in Chicago, are as guilty as I am. The only difference is that I sell and they buy. Everybody calls me a racketeer. I call myself a businessman."

Unable to obtain the evidence to convict Capone of murder, in 1931 the authorities decided to charge him with tax evasion. Found guilty Capone was sentenced to eleven years imprisonment. When Capone was released in 1939 [|prohibition] had come to an end and he was he was no longer able to make money from selling illegal alcohol. He was also showing signs of the effects of syphilis and no longer had the mental strength to obtain past loyalties. Alphonse Capone died in 1947."

Appendix 6. – H.L. Mencken’s opinion on Harding’s manner of delivering speeches. "I rise to pay my small tribute to Dr. Harding. Setting aside a college professor or two and a half dozen dipsomaniacal newspaper reporters, he takes the first place in my Valhalla of literati. That is to say, he writes the worst English that I have ever encountered. It reminds me of a string of wet sponges; it reminds me of tattered washing on the line; it reminds me of stale bean soup, of college yells, of dogs barking idiotically through endless nights. It is so bad that a sort of grandeur creeps into it. It drags itself out of the dark abysm of pish, and crawls insanely up to the topmost pinnacle of posh. It is rumble and bumble. It is flap and doodle. It is balder and dash." Appendix 7 -- Extract from George Remus’ trial transcript. Wheeler: And the money paid to Jess Smith was for Protection was it not? Remus: Yes, he was to do what he could, to make connections as far as the withdrawal of these permits was concerned. ….   Wheeler: Did smith any of that? Remus: yes, he got about – we figured at the time he and I talked – about 1.50$ to 2.50$ a case. Wheeler: are the payments of that kind included in this 250,000$ to 300,000$ that you paid him? Remus: Oh, no, Senator. Wheeler: That was in addition? Remus: Yes.